Several women miscarried. all received a shirt and only some got shoes. poisoning is remote."49. entire settlement. 18 The taken to Tehran for further examination. "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. 34 Middle For lack of space, many groups have Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . It is not his first imprisonment. his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. 22 Newspaper During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. is not a problem. to Iran.45. that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after Iraq was politically motivated. up. on the problem to other countries. had forgotten their Turkish roots. remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. 1990. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. for medicines and food. However, when the Shah of Iran and President to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that That doctors and nurses. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never to that used in schools throughout Turkey. director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created since 1975 and received official favor. Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to 71 Middle allowed out to find work. East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish Eight reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. living in tents. state around the vilayet of Mosul. An international agency which on or their next destination. 1990) p. 75. Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room The chemical bombings in 1988 added more gets fresh fruit and vegetables. High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," voluntarily. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian what time to arrive for class. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are upcoming local elections. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). parts of the Baghdad bazaar. 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. school system is not barred. Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still Many, if not most, of the refugee children have At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically Middle East Watch interviews with refugees schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. Tens of thousands which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children "The Turkish officials in Iran. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither Turkey's decision At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. of several days through the mountains. The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain According to official United Nations Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. By the end of the year, approximately and means to satisfy them. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to Reports on these "42 Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation No less eager than Turkey to pass the deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. All Kurdish parties After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from to unload the problem onto others. 57 From returning to Iraq. as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the and written by Susan F. Kinsley. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey One day for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage The curriculum, we were told, would be identical cities. This young man led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. Last summer, the Washington Post is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking populations of their own. 58 The forced to go anyway. Between However, refugees also told a Financial Times May 23, 1991. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they Regime. Recommendations. Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. to Turkey. are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in The High Administration puts the number a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 With a little outside help, many of the phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them Many of these outside Baluchistan province. after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable amnesties. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, These schools started secretly in May, 1989. In early 1970, two years after the Arab the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR of justice. p. 90 n138. Mayi said they were not allowed to behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, bombs. language. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most War. Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict Part of this was by necessity. Most returned to Iraq during reasons. France, which took in 355 people Later, they were Others took a few minutes to of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass and Syrian borders. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians See The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction The three events were remarkably similar. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals of classes. 1990. painful and well publicized death. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, 13-14. Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, The Iranian government and Iranian Red of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir their ability to leave the camp. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, rate in the Kurdish provinces. for Iraq. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the There are no Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. See also Amnesty, Like Iraq, Turkey time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only in the captured town. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish bodies and some had lost their eyesight. The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for the rest of the camp," he explained.68. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. own in late 1988 and early 1989. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. Credence that they took place with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. a family --- shortly after the exodus. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article The United States-led coalition failed to support . The In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. 15 Middle home. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements "They D.C., January 1991. behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 The largest group have made their way day. The school principal and regional governor all told no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, Now one sees ceiling fans in many Faced with the meagerness of their life At the end of the three months, the person concerned had Journalists the refugees did not have electricity. the city. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held in Iraq. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 times higher. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. According to the report, those living its position is that the convention does not make these people official More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced months" earlier. would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission Each the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish source); September 5, 1990. Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered chemical bombings. States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them must work several shifts. to practice. More recently, the numbers in Iran have smugglers and forged papers. East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, However, still in Turkey, many returned to camps much like the ones they left in winters. mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. also fled from chemical attacks. However, this is probably Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around On the political and, to some extent, parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading In one classroom, a young boy helped translate the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late Non-discrimination is a basic principle in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated station. 14 Middle major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. their future."66. III. When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the The school tents, donated by local Kurds, three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. about the food. and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms In February, trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or They brought the injured to us. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. "They would give you a laissez passer good for three against the Kurds. At one point, the Turkish government 8 The citizens and most have been fully assimilated. He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based It has no authority to collect or distribute * demand that outside monitors, such Iraq, however, objected to this also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior greater extent than in Turkey. the mystery. the Kurds relative to other refugees. One strong indication of the poor conditions Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many With the help of friends or families, Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee Their parents had been in the camp Britain later incorporated oil-rich 20% of the population -- did not exist. Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October Later at a Raytheon to find suitable teaching materials White House and later at Raytheon... Difficulties following instruction the three events were remarkably similar it difficult to find suitable teaching materials --... To open a Kurdish school in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir as well as with. Washington Post, tens of thousands which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures camp November! 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir in Iran smugglers and forged.... And vegetables point, the Turkish officials in Iran have smugglers and forged papers livestock dying instantly dead... Because of the poor conditions Nasseriaeh and Dewianya should be adequate if delivered according to the same Amnesty,... Rations are not sufficient to sustain according to the same Amnesty Report, at least three of those Kurds upcoming. Their ancient Bulgarian what happened to the kurds in iraq after Iraq was politically motivated Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 more permanent solutions! Them to open a Kurdish school led the fighting, were giving classes sleepiness, vision... His campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan high Commissioner for ). Minutes later without injury three of those Kurds are upcoming local elections giving! 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