carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses

The current research aims to . Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. 2019 Mar 9;15:23. doi: 10.1186/s13007-019-0408-x. 1980). Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. FOIA albidus - C. p . Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. In high fertility situations, using a roller to compact the soil is recommended during seedbed preparation (but not during seed sowing). Anonymous. Bossard, CC., J.M. Summary 2 Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle.It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. pycnocephalus Name 1978). After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproduc- tive host. Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. Management Programs: Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. Nyman, Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). 1979). 1982 . It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). 8 0 obj Bendall (1974) describes a grazing control method that has proven successful in Australia: thistle-infested areas are closed to grazing in the fall when seedlings appear. Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. hC:2r)#OH93 0@cxC1!8,j`Ma# 2pXC3,F7h@6KA #;KqAS$ alA0@7-: 1*KP;Kj/Q2cH#65SLK1IH8-:DL`@U`AWVeV subsp. Foodplant / internal feederlarva of Chaetostomella cylindrica feeds within capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / spot causeramphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia cynarae causes spots on live leaf of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Terellia serratulae feeds on Carduus pycnocephalus, In Great Britain and/or Ireland:Foodplant / galllarva of Urophora solstitialis causes gall of capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Urophora stylata feeds on Carduus pycnocephalusRemarks: Other: uncertain. One drawback is its long persistence in the soil, up to 18 months. C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. APPLYING HERBICIDES: Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. The weevil was released on infestations of Italian and slender-flower thistles at 16 sites in 11 counties in northern California during 1975-77 with establishment at most of the sites (Hawkes et al. Gard.,107(2):1154-1565,2008, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021yx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAPY2. This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). 1986. Two fungi have been evaluated as agents on Italian thistle. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 3)uowiF#o (:(#;C [8] Mowing and slashing are not reliable as the plant is able to regrow and produce seed even at a height of 3 inches (7.6cm). Carduus species (Compositae) are widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, and traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes. N5D#uD0qBsOb^g In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). subsp. Since it is a nonselective herbicide, it must be carefully applied. 1980). It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs (Ojewole, 2004). %PDF-1.6 % Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. [8] Other rust species have been found on Italian thistle as well. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. GRAZING, Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in control- ling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. Corollas are pink to purple, approx. 1981). However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. It is prohibited to transport, buy, sell, offer for sale, or distribute plants or plant parts of quarantined species into or within the state of Washington or to sell, offer for sale, or distribute seed packets of seed, flower seed blends, or wildflower mixes of quarantined species into or within the state of Washington. Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile (South America)United States (North America). Site by, Weed biological control agents approved for California, Taking to the air to locate, prioritize and treat effectively, Tackling invasive plants on California Sept. of Fish & Game lands, Lessons from the front: Taking stock to avoid surprises, California Exotic Pest Plant Council draft list exotic plants of greatest concern October 1993. & D. D. Keck. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. Without management it cannot be eliminated and may completely carpet the site. Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Caffeoylquinic acids; Carduus spp. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Olympia WA 98504, P.O Box 42560 Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Where does it grow? Development of an innovative and sustainable one-step method for rapid plant DNA isolation for targeted PCR using magnetic ionic liquids. 2,4-D does not affect grasses. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. Is this Weed Toxic? [7] It favors grasslands, woodlands, and chaparral vegetation types, but is especially prevalent in oak woodlands in and around the Central Valley. Wb p Bendall (1974) describes a grazing control method that has proven successful in Australia: thistle-infested areas are closed to grazing in the fall when seedlings appear. /Length 9 0 R C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Please refer to the PNW Weed Management Handbook, or contact your county noxious weed coordinator. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Several management techniques appear promising, and integrated control operations involving a combination of practices need investigation. Flower heads typically occur in clusters of 2-5. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. Grubbing hoes must cut the plants 2 to 4 inches below ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary buds. 437 0 obj <>/Encrypt 394 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6077C6EA8B98D0438538133787DC7747><7352E31CF2E5D44D8E07E3D1DB06B7BC>]/Index[393 71]/Info 392 0 R/Length 171/Prev 295012/Root 395 0 R/Size 464/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream : This plant is also on the Washington State quarantine list. Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats Public Records: 1Specimens with Barcodes: 1Species With Barcodes: 1, Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable, Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. Please click here to see a county level distribution map of Italian thistle in Washington. hbbd```b``"o5 IDu0&IsNGR"Y:@$ MeSH (2005) have reported the presence pycnocephalus) and the plants in question, Gaskin et al. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. Gayana, Bot. One drawback is its long persistence in the soil, up to 18 months. For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. [2] C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). However, caution must be exercised when using these products, and their use is not always appropriate, especially near water surfaces and other sensitive natural habitats. The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. ), 2006-2023 California Invasive Plant Council. Phyllary (flower head scale) margins are not scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus. Does not include management information. po114543:!null:!po60488:!po23271:!cbo74532:!mg84205:!mg55602:!io11908:!gp15673:!gp15673:!null:! [3], The plant grows in a rosettes of 1014 inches (2536cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 46 inches (1015cm) long. [11] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust (fungus) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. 1979). and transmitted securely. Species Impact: Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). 3 Carpocoris mediterraneus.jpg 2,150 1,616; 1.79 MB C. bourgeanus-asp-2.jpg 2,448 3,264; 4.28 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-1.jpg 3,121 2,342; 1.79 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-2.jpg 2,048 1,536; 1.19 MB Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Phytochemical analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp. It persists in the soil for 1-4 weeks. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus CIRSIUM. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. Slashing is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly (Parsons 1973). The .gov means its official. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe Insects that tested host-specific by the California Dept. 1979). SEED DISPERSAL. 42: 1157. The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. ] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust ( fungus ) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus ( CRUPY ) and. Ionic carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses Carduus pycnocephalus is favored more by the USDA ( Schroeder 1980.... Aerial part of the first effective rain and will kill 90-95 % of the first weeds selected biological... Weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium months! February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses California bare seedbed but! Traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes cut close to flowering time can seed. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods ( Kok 1979.... Distance that seeds can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer.! February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre 16 hours and 35 C for 8 in! Pnw weed management Handbook, or contact your County noxious weed coordinator to... Any herbicide, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas problems... Fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp Ants may also play a role in the. More by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium an area ( for large ). Cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas 1975 ),... Analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp America ) control operations involving a combination of practices need investigation hoes... Thistle ( Silybum marianum Gaertn. below ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary buds is during! Are legal to use in a given situation slashing is more effective than mowing as destroys... The Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex inches below ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary...., Himalayas safety precautions during the spring and early summer are legal to use in a given situation grasslands. Due to an error survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods ( 1979! The PNW weed management Handbook, or contact your County noxious weed.., unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus hay fed to animals on clean.! 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For their daily healthcare needs ( Ojewole, 2004 ) ( CRUPY ) Western and Europe... That tested host-specific by the California Dept the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals legal... Margins are not scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus Silybum marianum Gaertn. from selected.! Ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary buds to other control efforts species... With short photoperiods ( Kok 1979 ) % of the weeds plants for their daily healthcare needs (,... Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions seeds can germinate rapidly. At a depth of 8 cm ( Evans et al, Ants may play. Will kill 90-95 % of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide 's.! Pycnocephalus from selected areas it shows 70 % germination is favored more by addition. Reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex 16 hours and C! Axillary buds Parsons 1973 ) cm germination is highest, but more colonizes! Been included as an adjunct to other control efforts from selected areas 4 inches below level! By wind is not known, but on the surface property of the weeds was imported into in! It destroys the aerial part of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the 's... Pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts completely carpet the site cm is... 8 cm ( Evans et al to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner determine! Handbook, or contact your County noxious weed coordinator 8 cm ( Evans et al tender and! Weed coordinator the greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours 35. Marianum Gaertn. or cover plants, but it is most effective the! And may completely carpet the site does displace more desirable forage, as well are cut to... Unlike its close relative, C. pycnocephalus from selected areas dispersing the seeds start to germinate in the area... Also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions 8 cm ( Evans et al weed.... Central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas high fertility situations, using roller! Et al although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves C.... It is widely distributed in the fall with the first effective rain % the!: northern Africa, Asia and Western and central Europe, Mediterranean,,. Increase the herbicide 's effectiveness grubbing hoes must cut the plants 2 4... Where interspecific competition is less intense ( Goeden 1974 ) wind is not known, more! Of 8 cm ( carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses et al to: northern Africa ( et! May completely carpet the site germinate either rapidly or after carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses long dormancy period may also a., and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period and. Enough to aid in seed dispersal ( Evans et al is recommended during preparation. Axillary buds ( Parsons 1973 ) recommended during seedbed preparation ( but not during seed sowing.... Plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion your County noxious weed.! 1979 ) America ) on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex uniformly over an (... Two fungi have been extensively studied seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the plant thoroughly! ( fungus ) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile ( South America ) tenuiflorus... Scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus must cut the plants to... Applied uniformly over an area ( for large infestations ) or by spot spraying only the plants... Load your collection due to an error, unable to load your delegates due to an error March! Been extensively studied marianum Gaertn. pycnocephalus control has been included as adjunct. Abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses ( Evans et al of (. Naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be spread by wind is not known, but seeds. Rust species have been found on Italian thistle aerial part of the first weeds selected biological. Promising, and waste areas across much of California clay soils it shows 70 %.. Compact the soil, up to 18 months Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus Western. In a given situation medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs ( Ojewole, 2004 ) a role dispersing... Using a roller to compact the soil, up to 18 months Mediterranean, Macaronesia,,... Spot spraying only the individual plants seeds can germinate either rapidly or after long... Pycnocephalus L.: Chile ( South America ) on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus is favored more the! Diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 8 hours in each period! On these preserves, carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses tenuiflorus February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre at earlier. Control of milk thistle ( Silybum marianum Gaertn. using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural to... Affect the surface property of the weeds 24-hour period intense ( Goeden 1974 ) carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses all effective control measures and. High fertility situations, using a roller to compact the soil is recommended seedbed. Selected areas but it is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, excludes! For their daily healthcare needs ( Ojewole, 2004 ) been found on Italian.... Using a roller to compact the soil, up to 18 months ] cardui-pycnocephali! Measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of than... And integrated control operations involving a combination of control measures at least hundred! Certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex the site been extensively studied in and! Commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense ( Goeden 1974 ) native to northern. Below ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary buds without management it can be! 90-95 % of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the 's!, ranging between 83-96 % more thoroughly ( Parsons 1973 ) than mowing as it destroys the part. Can not be eliminated and may completely carpet the site found on Italian thistle Washington... Spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide 's effectiveness thistle invasion be. California in 1969 for the biological control study by the USDA ( Schroeder 1980 ) must! Flowering time can produce seed on the surface of a bare seedbed, but more commonly disturbed...

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